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Avocado: Avocados ripen off the tree, not on it. Harvest when full-sized and skin darkens (Hass: dark green to black). Test by removing the stem button — green underneath means not ready, yellow-green means close, brown means overripe. Ripen at room temperature for 3–7 days.

Guava: Skin turns from green to yellow-green to yellow; flesh yields to gentle pressure and a sweet, tropical fragrance develops. Pink-fleshed varieties show colour through translucent skin. Harvest promptly — overripe quickly.

Lemon: Fully yellow with no green remaining; skin slightly glossy and gives a little when squeezed. Heavy for its size indicates juiciness. Unlike most fruit, lemons can hang on the tree for months once ripe without deteriorating.

Papaya: Skin turns from green to yellow-orange starting at the base. Yields to gentle pressure. Sweet, floral aroma develops. Green papaya is eaten as a vegetable (unripe). Ripe fruit has orange flesh and black seeds inside.